Project B11:
Semantic roles, case relations, and cross-clausal reference in Tibetan

SFB 441
Subprojects
project B11
  Def.: elements
  Def.: categories
  Def.: arguments
  argum.structure
  template argum.combinat.
  example annot.
  tree views
  clause types (overview)
  corpora
  statistics
(in progress)
  field work
  publications

Annotation

The annotation of the corpora is carried out in several steps.

First step: manual and semi-automatic annotation

All texts are annotated in xml. The syntactic annotation first of all serves the objectives of the project and reflects the actual working hypotheses. It does not contain all morphological information, but only that which is relevant for our research goal. Our decisions of what to count as a token or 'word' or an intonational unit is based on features in the spoken language and may perhaps be disputed in some cases. The annotation comprises on the lowest level tokens with their orthographic realisation, a lemma tag, a translation tag, and the part of speech classification. The second level consists of ntNodes for the inflectional group (i.e. noun phrase in case of arguments and adverbial phrase in case of non-arguments) with a description of the case markers used, clauses with clause type (e.g. simple, chained, embedded, etc.). As we have tried to keep our annotation as flat as possible we have not  (with only one exception) annotated ntNode-internal ntNodes. Likewise we have generally treated complex verb syntagms as units (tokens) and not as verbal phrases containing one or several tokens. The higher units are clause, sentence, discourse units such as direct or indirect speech, poems or songs, and text segments (divisions).
 
Each verb token automatically receives an identity number as an attribute. It also contains a special description for features (such as auxiliary verbs, negation and locutionary markers, etc., if necessary for the understanding), the frame, i.e., the 'canonical' argument structure as listed in the lexicon, and the realFrame, i.e., the realisation of the arguments in the clause. Each realComplement (i.e., argument in the realFrame) automatically receives an identity number, based on the verb number. Empty arguments receive a corresponding attribute and a reference tag that specifies the antecedens in the text. The tag receives an attribute "target" with the identity number of the particular referee, which, in most cases, will be a realComplement. Reference tags will also specify the referees of a deictic element. Reference tags may also be specified via attributes according to the type of reference (including 'invalid' references where the options of a text cannot be solved) or the type of antecedens (e.g. in the case of empty antecedens).
 
All tokens (or "words") or special readings are listed in two text-specific lexica (one for verbs and one for all other items), each of which will be accessible via the annotated corpora. Verbs will be listed with their stem forms and their frames. Verb tokens are linked to their English (or German) counterparts in the translation file and vice versa, which makes navigation between annotated text and translation easy (see also our introduction to the visible corpora).

Second step: automatic evaluation of the data
The tags of non-realised realComplements will contain an antecedent list with information about the distance between reference and referee and the possible shifts in roles and case marking between the referee. Likewise the tags of realComplements that served as antecedent will contain a similar anaphor list, specifying all anaphoric elements referring to this particular item. Both lists are generated automatically and allow fine-grained statistical evaluations.

Third step: visualisation of the corpora

For a first introduction, see

Definitions:

I. Elements: 

<tok>

the minimal intonation unit (word), contains

 

<orth>


 the (reconstructed) orthographic form

 

 attributes:


 

 

 

 broken


 for discontinuative elements

 

 graph


 for orthographic conventions

 

 orig


 original, if a clearly misspelt form has been emendated

 

 standard


 standard orthography as found in dictionaries

 

<lemma>


 the basic form as given in the dictionaries

 

<trans>


 the translation as given in the dictionaries

 

<pos>


 part of speech (see below)

 

(<desc>)


 description of grammatical features, containing:

 

 


 <case>

 

 


 <feature>

 

 


 <ref>, the reference tags

 

 


the argument structure, in the case of verbs (see below)


Several non-verbal <tok>-s may form an <ntNode>; verbal <tok>-s are not further analysed, but in the case of complex verb syntagms one may understand the <tok> as an <ntNode> "VP"

 

<ntNode>

necessarily specified by a <ntNodeCat>
the highest nominal phrasal unit bearing the inflection
(internal phrasal structures are typically not further annotated), may contain <tok>-s and <clause>-s)

 

<clause>

necessarily specified by a <clauseCat>
a unit of <tok> with maximally 1 verb <tok> on the main level
(may contain further embedded <clause>, <q>; may not directly contain <s>)

 

<s>

every sentence <s> has exactly one finite or equivalent <clause>, except for the alternative question, where quest.alt1 und quest.alt2 form two finite clauses (otherwise quest.alt2, for lack of the question marker, could not be treated as interrogative).

 

<q>

direct and indirect speech or thought

 

 attributes:


                                      

 

 

 direct

values

 

 

 

 

y

 direct speech (ends with finite verb & possibly {ces})

 

 

n

 indirect speech (typically ending in a verbal noun plus LocPurp)

 

 


 in the case of work titles the default value is "unspecified".

<poem>

versified text

<div>

division: major discursive segment, paragraph, or chapter

<text>

the highest node

 

additional elements:

<comment>

recurring information

<note>

explicatory footnote

<lb/>

line break (OTC)

<l_end/>

end of verse line

<pb/>

page break

<unclear_start/>

for illegible or unintelligible passages

<unclear_end/>

for illegible or unintelligible passages

<add_start/>

for additions

<add_end/>

for additions



II. Definitions of categories

(If diacritics are not properly displayed, please select the UTF-8 charset on your browser.)

 

1. <pos>

ADJ

nominal adjective (only derived bi- or multisyllabic forms)

ADV

plain adverb

CONJ

conjunction

DEMfar

distal demonstrative pronoun

DEMnear

proximal demonstrative pronoun

EDEM

emphatic demonstrative pronoun "exactly this/that one"

DEMfar.ADJ

distal demonstrative adjective (compound)

DEMnear.ADJ

proximate demonstrative adjective (compound)

EPRON

emphatic pronoun (PRON + raŋ oder ñid); an additional number indicates the person

INTJ

exclamation, interjection within the text

IQ

indefinite quantifier/qualifier: tsam, "how much, as much"

NAME

personal or place name

NOM

noun

NUM

number word

ONM

onomatopoetica

PRON

personal pronomen; an additional number indicates the person

PRON2voc

addressing pronoun (WT wa, la)

-proNOM

pronominally used ADJ, QADJ, RADJ

QADJ

quantitative adjective (maŋpo 'many', gñiska 'both', etc.)

QoADV

quotation adverb {ces}

QoI

quote introduction na·re

QoM

quote marker lo WT

QPRON

question pronoun

QPRONrel

question pronoun used as relative pronoun

RADJ

relational (deiktic) adjective: gžan "other"

RFLX

reflexive pronoun raŋ

RT

root: monosyllabic elements of adverbs or adjective-compounds that do not occur independently; AvP-s (adverbial phrases) are often derived from a root with the help of a locational case marker

SEQ

sequentielle marker 'and then' (formally DEMfar plus Abl)

SUM

sumariser: ·la-sogs(·pa) /·las-stsogs(·pa) 'etc.'

TOP

topic marker ni

V

verb (any non-finite form)

Vε

non-finite use of mere stem (in the case of cross clausal group inflection: the first members appear in a non-modified, thus seemingly finite form, but the morphemes of the final non-finite verb operates also on the preceeding verbs; stylistic device for closely related event sequences, particularly frequent for ritual(ised) actions)

VFIN

finite use of mere stem or complex periphrastic form (± final marker)

VN

verbal noun

Vⁿ

verbally/predicatively used VN (reanalysis as VN possible)

VCp

predicatively used verb compounds (or nominalisations) governing arguments

VNst

nominally used stem, e.g. TVP maslebkyi-bardu


discontinuative elements
the first element remains without id and frame; both elements are linked with pointers

discMV

discontinuative modal verb construction

discSCV

discontinuative serial verb construction


modifying elemets (":x" for subcategories, ".x" for lexicalised items, and "-x" for morphemes are joined to the main elements for the sake of a flat annotation; one could have tagged them as features)

:anim

animate

:inan

inanimate (including abstract terms)

:pers

person (also in the case of titles); typically cogitative or intentional persons above 7 years (small children and animals are typically not included; but deamons, deities, talking animals, and supernaturally intelligent children are intentional persons)

-cm

collective marker dag

-df

determiniser po/de  WT

-iq

indefinite quantifier/qualifier: tsam, "how much, as much"

-lq

limiting quantifier {cig}

-pl, .pl

plural marker (-pl kun, rnams) or plural form (.pl khoŋ

.excl

exclusive plural (only PRON1)

.incl

inclusive plural (only PRON1)

 

2. <feature>

type="morph" morpheme


DM directive marker, for commands, prohibitions, and optatives

FIN (sentence) final marker

FM focus marker

NEG negation

pQ preposed question marker

QF question final marker
type="AUX" auxiliary verbs

type="compound"

 

type="lwOpMV" 

leftward operating modal verb

type="MV"

modal verbs

type="reduplication"

 




3. <case>

Abl

ablative (nas, las)

Abs

absolutive

Aes

aesthetive (=DatLoc), only WT, CT/OT only for yod 'have'

Com

comitative (or sociative: daŋ)

DatLoc

dative/locative (la)

Erg

ergative (=Instr in OT/CT)

Gen

genitive (kyi/gyi/gi/yi/-i)

Instr

instrumental (kyis/gyis/gis/yis/-s)

~Loc

locational case (including postpositions; for frame and realFrame)

Loc

locative (na)

LocPurp

locative/purposive (tu/du/ru/-r/su)

PPosAbl

ablative postposition

PPosCom

comitative postposition

PPosLoc

locational postposition

PPosInstr

instrumental postposition

rel

relator morpheme bas, WT basaŋ (is often taken as a special form of the ablative las in comparative-like expressions; most probably we are dealing with bimorphemes: la + s and ba + s (saŋ), whose functional value depends on the context)

 

4. <ntNodeCat> definitions

AvP

adverbial noun phrase

EP

expeditive procedure (addressing the addressee in a speech act)

NP

noun phrase as argument

NP-bound

bound argument of a collocation

NP-suppl

supplement of a light verb

ppAvP

postponed AvP

ppEP

postponed EP

ppNP

postponed (full) NP

 

5. <clauseCat> definitions

 

 

main types:

 

1. simple sentences (single clause)

 

 

simple

simple sentence with finite verb without embedded or chained structures (maximal 1 clause; exceptions: 1. simple-spch.intro; 2. quest.alt1 plus quest.alt2)

simple-spch.intro

simple sentence with non-finite introductory verbum dicendi

phrs-spch.intro

speech introduction with na·re

 

2. complex sentences (more than 1 clause)

 

2.a clause chaining

chained

clause chaining, non-finite Verb (linear, iconic representation of main story line: events 1, 2, 3 correspond to verbs 1, 2, 3)

chain.mod

modifying clause without embedding

chain.purp

non-embedded, i.e. preposed purposive clause ("in order to verb 1 / verb 2)

endchain

last finite verb of a chain of clauses

endchain-spch.intro

last non-finite introductory verbum dicendi of a chain of clauses

 

2.b embedded (subordinated) clauses

emb.attr

embedded attributive or modifying nominal clause (with genitive, preceding head noun)

emb.cont

phrasal content of thought or perception (Abs-marking)

emb.mod

modal, causal, or temporal subordination

emb.nom

embedded nominalised clause (following head noun)

emb.purp

purposive clause

emb.prop

embedded proposition, indirect speech, thought, or perception (Loc/Purp-marking)

emb.spch

embedded speech, not introduced by verbum dicendi but preceded by agent of final verbum dicendi(e.g. khos "..." (ces) gsuŋs)

superord

superodinated clause (finite verb)

superord-chained

superodinated clause, chained (non-finite verb)

superord-emb.x

superodinated clause, embedded

 

3. paired constructions (the second member is typically finite, unless specified with one of the markers of chaining or embedding)

 

3.a alternative questions

quest.alt1

 first part of alternative question (finite verb)

quest.alt2

 second part of alternative question (finite verb)

 

3.b conditional constructions

cond

 condition clause (non-finite verb), necessary followed by cres

cres

 result clause (finite verb)

cond.intro

 introductory condition clause, almost like a question (if you don't know/don't you know ..., this is x

 

3.c relative clause constructions (pronominal)

relat1

 first part of relative construction (who dares)

relat2

 second part of relative construction (wins/that wins)

 

3.d antithetical constructions

anti

 antithetical (konzessiv, adversativ: obwohl, zwar)

anti2

 the corresponding counterpart

 

marginal types:

anaph-chained

 anaphoric sentence connection (the finite verb is repeated as non-finite verb)

ε:

 in the case of ellided verb, mostly ε:simple-spch.intro

el.chained

 elliptical chained, i.e., morphological ellipsis Vε (cross clausal group inflection: the first members
 appear in a non-modified, thus seemingly finite form, but the morphemes of the final non-finite verb  
 operates also on the preceeding verbs)

excl

 phrasal exclamation

nominal

 nominal clauses

nominal-link.up

 nominal clauses with lhagbcas morpheme {ste}

postp.purp

 postponed purposive construction; is treated as finite verb (i.e. forms the end of a sentence)

 

 

 

simple, simple-spch.intro, endchain, endchain-spch.intro, phrs-spch.intro, superord, cres, and quest.alt2, if not further modified, conclude a 'finite sentence' <s>. The same holds for postp.purp.

 

6. semantic categories of verbs (verb dictionary)

 

6.a. valency

defined here as the minimal number of obligatory arguments; facultative arguments that are licensed by the verb semantics (such as LCT in the case of motion verbs) are indicated by the use of "+", valency is indicated on crucial arguments such as A or P

 

6.b. semantic subclassification (open class and subject to reformulations)

general subcategories (more or less Vendler's categories, modified for [-control]):

non-dynamic:

state

[-control]

position

[+control]

dynamic:

process

[-control], non-bound

activity

[+control], non-bound

development

[-control], slow and increasing change

transition

[-control], sudden change

accomplishment

[+control]

achievement

[+control]


specific subcategories:

predicative

[-control] yin & corresponding dynamic auxiliaries gro pr cha 'go', V2

resulting state

[-control] (like transition, but more result oriented)

exist

[-control] yod and other verbs that follow pattern 03b (e.g. skye 'be born'), V1+

possession

[-control] V2

get

[-control] V2

state-of-mind

[-control] V2

emotion

[±control] V2

motion

[-control], motion verbs, V1+

suffice

[-control], instrumental for medium-argument possible (instrumental in Shamskat)

fill

[-control], instrumental for medium-argument possible (genitive in Shamskat)

contact

[-control], contact and separation, typically with comitative (or collective realisation)

transfer

[+control] V3 (word order typically eA R P)

deposit

[+control] V2+ (neutral word order possibly eA P LCT)

load/unload

[+control] V2+ (threefold variation: V2: P = load, or P = carrier /container, V3: P = load)

movement or translocation

[+control] V3

communication      

[+control] V2+

transformation     

[+control] V2

result oriented     

[+control] V2+

production

[+control] V2

directional activity

[+control] V2

fix

[+control] V3

keep

[+control] V2

 

7. reference tags may contain additional (non-standardised) information mainly for annotator (open class), e.g.

ø

no reference implied or possible

impersonal

generic statements 

speaker


adressee


situation

for references on clauses or sequences of clauses

VNref

missing argument is constitutted by the VN itself (speak-er)

VNhead

missing argument is head of the VN (X, who speaks)



III. Argument structure: valency and semantic roles
(If diacritics are not properly displayed, please select the UTF-8 charset on your browser.)

Annotation in the text:

<frame>

contains: <complement>, (<alt>)

attributes:

inherited

for alternative questions

type, type2

for special types, such as light verbs or collocations

<alt>

for complement alternations, contains one or more complements

attributes

position

 

<complement>

contains: <role>, <case>

attributes:

position

(in case of alternations)

status

values:

 

 

bound

for collocation partners

 

inherited

for alternative questions

 

obligatory

default status

 

omissible

facultative arguments

 

supplement

for light verbs

<realFrame>

contains: <realComplement>

attributes:

derived, derived 2

derived frames (following a derivational scheme)

 

values:

 

 

cause

additional causation argument for [-control] verbs

 

collective

argument reduction, two assymetric arguments reduced to one

 

collocation

change in status of complements

 

comparative

additional relation-argument for predication verbs

 

exceptive

special negation patterns

 

experiencer

additional experiencer argument

 

explication

extended frames with arguments that are usually left unspecified (e.g. an SRC argument for motion verbs) or usually represented collectively

 

honorific

impersonal ablative construction, used for persons of highest status

 

idiomatic

 

 

medium

additional medium arguments for special verbs

 

MV

[-control] modal verbs, change of roles; in WT also change of case

 

MVcs

causative modal verbs

 

narrIntro

narrative introduction corresponding to German es war einmal

 

possessor

argument reduction (especially common for body-related events or states)

 

potentialis

original function of stem IV ('imperative' stem), change of roles; in WT also change of case

 

reciprocal

argument reduction, two assymetric arguments reduced to one

 

reflexive

possible change in subject case marking

 

refPara

additional reference parameter for predication verbs

 

SCV

serialised conjunctive verbs (aka vector verbs), change in case or argument reduction

order

for changes in word order, relative to the canonical frame

type, type2

for special types, such as light verbs or collocations

<realComplement>

contains: <role>, (<case>), (<ref>)

attributes:

id

based on verb token number, possible targets of <ref> tags

position

(in case of alternations in canonical <frame>)

status

values:

 

 

additional

 

 

bound

for collocation partners

 

bound-empty

non-realisation of collocation partners

 

empty

non-realisation of

 

inherited

non-realisation of inherited arguments

 

inherited-empty

non-realisation of

 

omitted

non-realisation of facultative arguments

 

postponed

postponed realisation outside the clause

 

supplement

for light verbs

 

supplement-empty

non-realisation of light verb complements

<role>

 

atributes

feature

values:

 

 

+anim

animate

 

-anim

inanimate

 

+hum

human

 

-hum

non-human

 

+spec/given

specific or given argument

 

adj

argument is an adjective

 

compound

(argument reduction)

 

multipleRealisation

logical argument represented by more than one case-marked NPs

 

possConstr

possessor construction (argument reduction)

microRole

specific micro roles (open class)

possMicroRole

possible micro roles

<case>

 

 

Annotation in the verb dictionaries:

<entry>

may contain two ore more <subEntry>, otherwise see structure <subEntry>

<subEntry>

contains: <written>, <val>, <primScheme>, (<derScheme>), <semCat>, <frames>, <meaning> or <trans>, <lemma>

attributes:

idiomatic

values:

 

 

fig

figurative employment

 

figEtym

figura etymologica

 

onom

onomatopoetic

type

collocation

 

 

idiomatic

 

 

impersonal

 

 

lightV

light verb construction

 

stripped

special verb reading, conventional omission of one ore more arguments

<written>

contains: <wrI>, <wrII>, <wrIII> (OT and CT), <wrIV>, <neutral>, (<misspelt>,  <rdg>)

 

<wrI> to <wrIV>

the four possible slots for Tibetan verb stems; slot III and IV, implying an intentional agent, are by definition not filled in the case of [-control] verbs, slot II remains empty in the case of copula verbs; empty slots are indicated by "-"; slots for which the annotated text has no attestation are filled with "?"; only differing verb forms are indicated; in case of attested syncretic forms, the number of the lower slot is given (eg. <wrI>dgos</wrI>, <wrII>I</wrII>, <wrIII>-</wrIII>, <wrIV>-</wrIV>;

 

<neutral>

neutral stem as used in certain non-finite forms

 

 <misspelt>

 clearly misspelt variants

 

 <rdg>

 variant spellings in the text

<val>

valency; we define the valency value as the minimal number of obligatory core arguments. Core arguments are those arguments that are licensed by the verb meaning, thus LCT is a (non-obligatory) argument of motion verbs, but not of most other verbs.

<primScheme>

primary scheme or clause type

attributes:

type

values

 

 

collective

preferred collective expression

 

collocation

 

 

idiomatic

 

 

impersonal

conventionalised usages


 possessor
 preferred possessive expression

 

stripped

special verb reading, conventional omission of one ore more arguments

<derScheme>

derived scheme or clause type

attributes:

type, typeComb

cause

additional causation argument for [-control] verbs

 

collective

argument reduction, two arguments assymetric reduced to one

 

collocation

change in status of complements

 

comparative

additional relation-argument for predication verbs

 

exceptive

special negation patterns

 

experiencer

additional experiencer argument

 

explication

extended frames with arguments that are usually left unspecified (e.g. an SRC argument for motion verbs) or usually represented collectively

 

honorific

impersonal construction, used for persons of highest status

 

idiomatic

 

 

medium

additional medium arguments for special verbs

 

narrIntro

narrative introduction, corresponding to German es war einmal

 

possessor

argument reduction (especially common for body-related events or states)

 

potentialis

original function of stem IV ('imperative' stem), change of roles; in WT also change of case

 

reciprocal

argument reduction, two arguments assymetric reduced to one

 

reflexive

possible change in subject case marking

 

refPara

additional reference parameter for predication verbs

 

SCV

serialised conjunctive verbs (aka vector verbs), change in case or argument reduction

<semCat>

semantic subcategory

<frames>

contains one or more <frame> elements

<frame>

see above

<trans>

translation

<meaning>

contains one or more <trans> and/or additional <colloc>, <scv>, <suppl>, <usg> elements

 

<colloc>

collocation partner, contains <w>, <def> or <tr>

 

<scv>

serialised conjunctive verb construction; contains <w> (type = verb), <tr>

 

<suppl>

light verb complement; contains <w>, <tr>

 

 

<w>

word

 

 

attributes:

 

 

type

pos

 

 

syntax

if word is case-marked

 

 

<def>

definition, in case of onomatopoetic expressions

 

 

<tr>

translation of <w>

<lemma>

 


Arguments (overview)

It should be noted that in the following we present semantically based macro roles that are defined by
1. semantic properties, such as function and agency
2. their position in the frame in relation to other arguments
3. their syntactic behaviour

Future analysis may show that some of these roles can be further reduced and subsumed under syntactic roles. Nicholas Tournadre (2009) proposes the following syntactic roles for Tibetan:

S 'sole argument' (semantically undergoer or agent, also used for verbs with higher valency, but more peripheral second arguments)

A 'actor' (for ergative-marked first arguments, whether they are semantically agents or not)

R 'recipient' / C 'ceptor' (for dative-marked first arguments, typically only possessors and re-ceptors in modern Tibetan, but also per-ceptors in Ladakhi and in some other Indian and Caucasian languages; for this reason, he agrees that C = 'ceptor' might be a better designation)

B 'beneficiary' (for dative-marked second non-peripheral arguments, basically the semantic recipient)

P 'patient' (for all non-marked second or third arguments)

Tournadre, Nicholas (2009). "Core Grammatical Roles in Tibetan with special reference to their syntactic behaviour in subordinate clauses." Presentation given at the University Tübingen, January 2009.


V=1 (S)
[
-control]

 

Existence (EXST1)

existence predication: absolutive

Undergoer (U1)


[+control]

[-control] state, motion, or result verbs: absolutive


Agent (A1)

not acting upon another participant [+control], motion, position verbs: absolutive

Agent (eA1)

effecting (?) agent without Patient or Target: ergative

 

 

V=2

 

 1. 'subject'-like  (S, C, A)

[-control]

 

HEAD

'subject' of predication "be" or light verb "go X": absolutive

Possessor (POSS)

'subject' of "have", "get" and similar verbs (subcase of existence predication, where the non-obligatory LCT turns into an obligatory subject): aesthetive

Experiencer1 (Ep2)

'subject' of receptive or perceptive verbs OT/CT: ergative; Ladakhi: aesthetive

Experiencer2 (Ee2)

'subject' of emotion verbs: absolutive

Experiencer3 (Eg2)

'subject' of sleb: ergative; second argument: LCT (transitional frame; the verb is attested in OT with pattern 08: eA2 & P2 or Ep2 & AFC2; in modern Tibetan it follows pattern 03a: U2 & LCT)

[+control]

 

Agent (A2)

not acting upon another participant, [+control]: absolutive

Agent (eA2)

not acting upon, but towards another participant, directional activity: ergative

 

 

2. 'object'-like (peripheral, P, B)

Existence (EXST2)

'object' of "have" and "get" verbs: absolutive

Affecting (AFCp2)

'object' or stimulus of perception verbs: absolutive

Affecting (AFCp2, AFCe2)

'object' or stimulus of emotion verbs: dative/locative

Patient (P2)

absolutive

Target (TAR)

not an 'object', but the target of directional activities (including directed attention): dative/locative

 

 

V=3 (A-B-P, peripheral)

 

Agent (eA3)

ergative

Recipient (R)

animate, typically on second position: dative/locative

Patient (P3)

thing transferred or positioned: absolutive

Location (LCT)

inanimate, position variable: locational marker

Source (SRC)

argument from which P is taken or moved away: ablative

 

 

Other semantically motivated (core) arguments:

Attribute (ATR)

predication with copula: absolutive

Resulting Attribute (RSA)

predication with light verb: absolutive

Resulting State (RST)

resulting state of [-ctr] transition locative/purposive (dative/locative)

Produced State (PST)

resulting state of [+ctr] transformation (V=3): locative/purposive (dative/locative)

Location (LCT)

static or dynamic; verbs of existenc, position, motion, deposit: locational marker

Source (SRC)

spatial origin, particular motion and transfer: ablative

Contacted (CTC)

also in case of separation: comitative

Mental State (MST)

cognitive or emotional state with light verb "come": absolutive

Content (CONTdir)

content of a direct proposition (including proposition nouns), communication verbs (finite sentence OT/CT mostly followed by the QoADV {ces}): absolutive

Content (CONTind)

content of an indirect proposition, communication verbs (non-finite sentence): locative/purposive

 

 

Peripheral arguments:

 

Bene- (Male-)ficiary (BEN)

dative/locative, postposition (only additional argument/adjunct)

Instrument (INSTR)

only microroles: cause, medium, organ: instrumental

Standard of comparison (CREL)

contrastive relation ablative or bas = rel

Parameter (PARA)

relational argument for adjectivals absolutive

Path (PATH)

absolutive argument of particular motion verbs (transversing)

 

 

derived roles:

 

reflexive Agent (A1rfl; eA1rfl)

absolutive or ergative

reciprocal Agent (A1rcp; eA1rcp)

absolutive or ergative

causative Instigator (CIN)

ergative

causee Undergoer (CU1)

absolutive

causee Agent (CA1 etc)

CA1: absolutive, WT (CT in certain constructions) CA2:  dative/locative

Experiencer expansion (Eo; Eoo)

Ladakhi: aesthetive

demoted Agent (demA)

honorific impersonal construction: for persons of high status, mainly for verba dicendi and verbs related to some sort of speech act (e.g. establish a custom), in WT also acts of giving ablative

demoted Experiencer (demE)

ablative for body-part with [-ctr] verbs

ME1, ME2, eME2, aME2

[-ctr] modal verbs (ME: absolutive, eME: ergative, aME: aesthetive)

 

 

additional possible microroles (open class), e.g.

direction, goal

for LCT

time

for LCT

manner

for LCT

purpose

for LCT


Argument combination template OT/CT
(If diacritics are not properly displayed, please select the UTF-8 charset on your browser.)

valence

"subject" like role

"object" like

other core arguments

1

EXST1 (Existence)

 

1

U1 (Undergoer)

1

A1 (Agent thamidadpa)

2

HEAD

 

ATR (Attribute) yin

RSA resulting Attribute gro

RST resulting State gyur

2

POSS(essor)/LCT

EXST2 (Existence)

 

2

Ep2 (Experiencer)

AFCp2 (Affecting)

2

Ee2 (Experiencer)

AFCe2 (Affecting)

U2 (Undergoer)

 

LCT (Location)

SRC (Source)

CTC (Contact)

2

A2 (Agent thamidadpa)

 

LCT (Location)

SRC (Source)

CTC (Contact)

eA2 (effecting Agent

thadadpa)

TAR(get)

P2 (Patient)

 

3

eA3 (effecting Agent

thadadpa)

R(ecipient)

P3

(Patient)

 

 

SRC (Source)

LCT (Location)

PST (produced State)

 

 

peripheral and facultative arguments

 

 

BEN(e/Maleficiary)

INSTR(ument)

 

 

REL

PATH

Case

CONTdir (content of proposition)

Abs

Erg/Instr

CONTind (content of proposition)

Aes/~Loc

Abl

CREL (standard of "comparision")

Com

 



Annotation example: first sentence of OTC
(without evaluation of references)
                             (If diacritics are not properly displayed, please select the UTF-8 charset on your browser.)

 

<text>
  <s><punct>~||</punct>
    <ntNode>
      <clause>
        <ntNode>
          <tok><orth>Dri·gum-btsan·po</orth>
            <lemma>Dri·gum-btsan·po</lemma>
            <trans>-</trans>
            <pos>NAME</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
          <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
        <ntNode>
          <tok><orth>sku</orth>
            <lemma>sku</lemma>
            <trans>body (hon)</trans>
            <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
          <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
        <tok check="ok" id="v1"><orth>chuŋ·ba·i-tshe</orth>
          <lemma>chuŋ</lemma>
          <trans>be small</trans>
          <pos>VN</pos>
          <desc>
            <frame>
              <complement><role>U1</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
            <realFrame derived="refPara">
              <realComplement id="v1c1"><role>U2</role></realComplement>
              <realComplement id="v1c2"><role>PARA</role></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
                 </tok>
<clauseCat>emb.attr</clauseCat>
        <desc><case>PPos</case></desc></clause><ntNodeCat>AvP</ntNodeCat>
      <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode><q direct="y">
      <s>
        <clause>
          <ntNode>
            <tok><orth>mtshan</orth>
              <lemma>mtshan</lemma>
              <trans>name (hon)</trans>
              <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP-bound</ntNodeCat>
            <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
          <ntNode>
            <tok><orth>jir</orth>
              <lemma>ji</lemma>
              <trans>what</trans>
              <pos>QPRON</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
            <desc><case>LocPurp</case></desc></ntNode>
          <tok check="ok" id="v2"><orth>gdags</orth>
            <lemma n=":2:">ḥdogs</lemma>
            <trans>name, give as name</trans>
            <pos>VFIN</pos>
            <desc>
              <frame>
                <complement><role>eA4</role><case>Erg</case></complement>
                <complement><role>R</role><case>~Loc</case></complement>
                <complement><role>CONTind</role><case>~Loc</case></complement>
                <complement status="bound"><role>bArg</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
              <realFrame order="inv:bArg-CONTind;q">
                <realComplement id="v2c1" status="empty"><role>eA4</role><ref>impersonal</ref></realComplement>
                <realComplement id="v2c2" status="empty"><role>R</role><ref target="v1c1"></ref></realComplement>
                <realComplement id="v2c3"><role>CONTind</role></realComplement>
                <realComplement id="v2c4" status="bound"><role>bArg</role></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
        
</tok><clauseCat>simple</clauseCat></clause></s></q>
    <clause>
      <tok><orth>šes</orth>
        <lemma>ces</lemma>
        <trans>so, thus</trans>
        <pos>QoADV</pos></tok><punct>||</punct>
      <ntNode>
        <tok><orth>ma·ma</orth>
          <lemma>ma·ma</lemma>
          <trans>nurse</trans>
          <pos>NOM:pers</pos></tok>
        <tok><orth>Gro·ža·ma-Skyi·brliŋ·ma·la</orth>
          <lemma>Gro·ža·ma-Skyi·brliŋ·ma·la</lemma>
          <trans>-</trans>
          <pos>NAME</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
        <desc><case>DatLoc</case></desc></ntNode>
      <tok check="ok" id="v3"><orth>dris·na</orth>
        <lemma>dri</lemma>
        <trans>ask</trans>
        <pos>V</pos>
        <desc>
          <frame>
            <complement><role>eA2+</role><case>Erg</case></complement>
            <complement status="omissible"><role>R</role><case>~Loc</case></complement>
            <complement><role>CONTdir</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
          <realFrame order="inv:CONTdir-R">
            <realComplement id="v3c1" status="empty"><role>eA2+</role><ref></ref></realComplement>
            <realComplement id="v3c2"><role>R</role></realComplement>
            <realComplement id="v3c3"><role>CONTdir</role></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
           </tok>
<clauseCat>chained</clauseCat></clause><punct>|</punct>
    <clause>
      <ntNode>
        <tok><orth>ma·ma·ḥi</orth>
          <lemma>ma·ma</lemma>
          <trans>nurse</trans>
          <pos>NOM:pers</pos>
          <desc><case>Gen</case></desc></tok>
        <tok><orth>mchid·nas</orth>
          <lemma>mchid</lemma>
          <trans>speech</trans>
          <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
        <desc><case>Abl</case></desc></ntNode><punct>|</punct><lb n="0002"/>
          <q direct="y">
        <s>
          <clause>
            <ntNode>
              <tok><orth>Skyi·brag</orth>
                <lemma>Skyi·brag</lemma>
                <trans>-</trans>
                <pos>NAME</pos></tok>
              <tok><orth>mar·ba</orth>
                <lemma>mar·ba</lemma>
                <trans>golden, red</trans>
                <pos>ADJ</pos><note>...</note></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
              <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
            <tok><orth>ni</orth>
              <lemma>ni</lemma>
              <trans>-</trans>
              <pos>TOP</pos></tok>
            <tok check="ok" id="v4"><orth>rñil·tam</orth>
              <lemma>rñil</lemma>
              <trans>crumble, collapse</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">QF</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U1</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v4c1"><role>U1</role></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
                 
</tok><clauseCat>quest.alt1</clauseCat></clause>
          <clause>
            <tok check="ok" id="v5"><orth>ma·rñil</orth>
              <lemma>rñil</lemma>
              <trans>crumble, collapse</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">NEG</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U1</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v5c1" status="empty"><role>U1</role>
                                                      <ref target="v4c1"></ref></realComplement></realFrame></desc>

                     </tok><clauseCat>quest.alt2</clauseCat></clause><punct>|</punct></s>
        <s>
          <clause>
            <ntNode>
              <tok><orth>Daŋ·ma</orth>
                <lemma>Daŋ·ma</lemma>
                <trans>-</trans>
                <pos>NAME</pos></tok>
              <tok><orth>ḥbri·spaŋs</orth>
                <lemma>ḥbri·spaŋs</lemma>
                <trans>grazing land for the ḥbri, the female of a yak</trans>
                <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
              <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
            <tok><orth>ni</orth>
              <lemma>ni</lemma>
              <trans>-</trans>
              <pos>TOP</pos></tok>
            <ntNode>
              <tok><orth>myes</orth>
                <lemma>mye</lemma>
                <trans>fire</trans>
                <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP-bound</ntNodeCat>
              <desc><case>Instr</case></desc></ntNode>
            <tok check="ok" id="v6"><orth>tshig·gam</orth>
              <lemma>tshig</lemma>
              <trans>burn [-ctr]</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">QF</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U2</role><case>Abs</case></complement>
                  <complement status="bound"><role microRole="cause">INSTR</role><case>Instr</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v6c1"><role>U2</role></realComplement>
                  <realComplement id="v6c2" status="bound"><role microRole="cause">INSTR</role></realComplement>
                   </realFrame>
</desc></tok><clauseCat>quest.alt1</clauseCat></clause>
          <clause>
            <tok check="ok" id="v7"><orth>ma·tshig</orth>
              <lemma>tshig</lemma>
              <trans>burn [-ctr]</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">NEG</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U2</role><case>Abs</case></complement>
                  <complement status="bound"><role microRole="cause">INSTR</role>
                                                                         <case>
Instr</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v7c1" status="empty"><role>U2</role><ref target="v6c1"></ref></realComplement>
                  <realComplement id="v7c2" status="bound-empty"><role microRole="cause">INSTR</role>
                                                                                  <ref target="v6c2"></ref></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
                       </tok><clauseCat>quest.alt2</clauseCat></clause><punct>|</punct></s>
        <s>
          <clause>
            <ntNode>
              <tok><orth>mtsho</orth>
                <lemma>mtsho</lemma>
                <trans>lake</trans>
                <pos>NOM:inan</pos></tok>
              <tok><orth>Dam·le·dbal·mtsho</orth>
                <lemma>Dam·le·dbal·mtsho</lemma>
                <trans>-</trans>
                <pos>NAME</pos></tok><ntNodeCat>NP</ntNodeCat>
              <desc><case>Abs</case></desc></ntNode>
            <tok><orth>ni</orth>
              <lemma>ni</lemma>
              <trans>-</trans>
              <pos>TOP</pos></tok>
            <tok check="ok" id="v8"><orth>skams·sam</orth>
              <lemma>skam</lemma>
              <trans>be, become dry</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">QF</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U1</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v8c1"><role>U1</role></realComplement></realFrame></desc><note>...</note>
                      </tok><clauseCat>quest.alt1</clauseCat></clause>
          <clause>
            <tok check="ok" id="v9"><orth>ma·skams</orth>
              <lemma>skam</lemma>
              <trans>be, become dry</trans>
              <pos>VFIN</pos>
              <desc><feature type="morph">NEG</feature>
                <frame>
                  <complement><role>U1</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
                <realFrame>
                  <realComplement id="v9c1" status="empty"><role>U1</role>
                                                               <ref target="
v8c1"></ref></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
           </tok><clauseCat>quest.alt2</clauseCat></clause></s></q>
      <tok><orth>šes</orth>
        <lemma>ces</lemma>
        <trans>so, thus</trans>
        <pos>QoADV</pos></tok>
      <tok check="ok" id="v10"><orth>mchi</orth>
        <lemma>mchi</lemma>
        <trans>say, speak</trans>
        <pos>VFIN</pos>
        <desc>
          <frame>
            <complement><role>eA2+</role><case>Erg</case></complement>
            <complement status="omissible"><role>R</role><case>~Loc</case></complement>
            <complement><role>CONTdir</role><case>Abs</case></complement></frame>
          <realFrame derived="honorific">
            <realComplement id="v10c1"><role>demA</role><case>Abl</case></realComplement>
            <realComplement id="v10c2" status="omitted"><role>R</role><case>~Loc</case>
                                                                      <comment><ref targType="ø" target="v3c1"></ref></comment></realComplement>
            <realComplement id="v10c3"><role>CONTdir</role><case>Abs</case></realComplement></realFrame></desc>
                 </tok><clauseCat>endchain</clauseCat></clause><punct>|</punct></s></text>




Layout: Christoph Singer. Responsible for the content: B. Zeisler. Last modified: 31.03.2009